Diwali, the Festival of Lights, is one of the most widely celebrated and vibrant festivals in India. Though it holds a common theme of the triumph of light over darkness, righteousness over evil, and knowledge over ignorance, each region of India celebrates Diwali with unique customs, rituals, and cultural aspects that reflect its rich diversity. Here’s a look at how different parts of India celebrate this auspicious festival.
In North India, particularly in states like Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Rajasthan, Diwali commemorates the return of Lord Rama to Ayodhya after defeating the demon king Ravana. Houses adorn themselves with oil lamps, candles, and vibrant rangolis to honour Lord Rama's homecoming. Celebrations often start with Dhanteras, a day for buying precious metals, followed by Choti Diwali, the main Diwali day, and culminate with Bhai Dooj, celebrating the bond between brothers and sisters. Fireworks are a notable feature, symbolizing the triumph of good over evil.
In cities like Varanasi, devotees also gather along the Ganges for Ganga Aarti, a mesmerizing ritual involving lamps, chants, and prayers. In addition, devotees deep-clean and decorate their homes, and make offerings to Goddess Lakshmi, who is believed to bring prosperity.
West India: Vibrant Markets and Unique Customs
In Maharashtra and Gujarat, Diwali includes rituals such as Vasu Baras (honoring cows as mothers) and Dhanteras, celebrated as a time for purchasing gold or silver items. Gujaratis mark Diwali as the end of their financial year, closing their account books and praying for prosperity in the coming year.
In the coastal city of Mumbai and throughout Maharashtra, families light up their homes with lanterns called kandils, make intricate rangolis, and prepare festive sweets like ladoo, karanji, and chakli. In rural Maharashtra, people also engage in Govardhan Puja, paying homage to cows and calves.
East India: Kali Puja and Community Celebrations
People celebrate Diwali with Kali Puja in states like West Bengal, Odisha, and Assam, honoring Goddess Kali, who embodies strength and protection. Candles and diyas illuminate houses and temples, and people make offerings to the goddess with flowers, sweets, and fruits. The emphasis in these regions is on community gatherings, especially during the grand pujas held in temples.
People in Odisha light clay lamps in memory of their ancestors and perform a ritual known as Kaunria Kathi, where they burn jute sticks as a tribute to their forebears. To preserve the quiet serenity of the occasion, Assam celebrates with oil lamps and avoids crackers in some areas.
South India: Celebrating with Ancestral Customs
Tamil Nadu celebrates Diwali as Naraka Chaturdashi, symbolizing Lord Krishna's victory over the demon Narakasura. The day begins with an early morning oil bath, followed by the donning of new clothes and enjoying a sumptuous breakfast that includes sweets and savories. Lamps and colorful kolams (rangoli designs) illuminate homes and temples in the courtyard.
In Karnataka, families start the day with a special ritual called Abyanga Snana (holy bath), while in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, people celebrate with firecrackers and elaborate family feasts. In Kerala, Diwali is a quieter affair, as the primary festival here is Onam, but the spirit of celebration and joy is still present.
Central India: Folk Traditions and Devotion
Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh celebrate Diwali with simplicity and devotion. Many villages and towns in Central India perform traditional dances and folk songs, adding a regional flavor to the festivities. Firecrackers are often part of the celebrations, and in cities like Indore, markets overflow with decorative items, sweets, and festive attire. People in these regions focus on Lakshmi Puja, followed by a community feast where sweets like jalebi, poha, and sev are shared.
Modern-Day Diwali: A Blend of Tradition and Eco-Consciousness
While traditional customs remain central to Diwali celebrations, a growing focus on eco-friendly practices has emerged across India. Many families are now opting for clay diyas instead of plastic lights; plant-based colors for rangolis; and even eco-friendly fireworks. Additionally, some regions have adopted silent or reduced-noise Diwali practices to protect animals and reduce air pollution.
Diwali across India is more than just a festival; it’s a time for family reunions, community bonding, and reverence for tradition. People celebrate it with the warmth of togetherness, serving as a reminder of the resilience and enduring beauty of India's diverse cultural heritage.
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